Reform in Kurdistan region between half-baked projects, petrified power and absent Opposition (2)
- KurdishMedia.com - By Dr Kamal Mirawdeli
- 12/02/2009 00:00:00
Part two: Legitimacy and lethal corruption
The whole Kurdish street has been crying out for change and against injustice, corruption and entrenched Ba'thization of Kurdish society for many years. (1) But the response of KDP and PUK ruling parties has been to shut their eyes and ears and do more of the same. Of course ‘more of the same’ has never been bad for them at least in the short-term: it means continuation of their unaccountable illegitimate and absolutely illegal (as it is not based on any sort of legitimacy, constitutional statutes and legal structures) familial power and privileges including irresponsible appropriation of state lands, government buildings, land and public property for their relatives and party vassals and laundering millions of dollars of money on daily basis.
This process of looting and misappropriation has been continuing since the return of the exiled leaders of these parties after the uprising of 1991 from foreign capitals until this very moment. This means that 17 years of looting have not been enough to make them over-satiated and have some compassion and consideration for their people who had experienced anfal, genocide, chemical attacks and oppression.
Suing the Prime Minister
In the latest issue of the independent newspaper Hawlati we read that a 68 years old Kurdish citizen has made a legal case and tried to sue Kurdistan Region Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani “for depriving him of his legitimate share of the 17 per cent of budget given to Kurdistan region by the central government”. Of course, such actions are not considered as conscious citizens exercising their right of citizenship in a legal way and through legal mechanisms. The ruling parties are too primitive and despotic and of course fearful to entertain such an idea. So what has happened to this citizen’s desperate attempt?
Hawlati reports: “Salim Hasasn was born in 1940 in Arbil. He has completed primary school education and he is now a retired officer. Salim Hassan says to Hawalti: “I have submitted a complaint to sue head of Kurdistan region government Nechirvan Barzani for over two months. I have asked him to reveal the amount of the budget they receive from Baghdad, how they spend it and to tell me how much my share of this budget is and to give it to me. I am a citizen of this country and it is my right to make such a demand because Kurdistan regional government receives this money because of citizens like me. They have set up no business to make this money.” Hawlati report continues: “On this issue the legal secretary of the region’s council of ministers Muhammad Qaradaghi said: “This citizen has right as a citizen to go to court and ask for his rights. But the claimant must have proof for his claim that is why I believe his demand is without content.”! Salim Hassan says to Hawlati: “I am a citizen of this city and it is my right to ask for my rights but when I went to the court the judge Mudhaffar Fatah threw me out and threw the complaint at my face. Since then I have had no reply from them.” He Added: “I ask the government and parliament to give me my share. I want to have it even if it is just one fils (pence). If my demand is met then all other citizens in this country will know their rights.” Commenting on this claim, a solicitor who wanted to remain anonymous said: “When Mam (uncle) Salim first went to the court, they took his complaint from him and stamped it. But when they later read the content and saw that it was against PM Nechirvan Idris Mustfa Barzani , they closed down the file.”
Dangers of Corruption
Of course, if from KRG President and PM down they had been democrats and civil people who had understood the meaning of citizenship, civil society and human rights, they would have been proud of such citizens and would have by now after 17 years of their rule created hundreds of thousands of such conscious and responsible citizens who are confident enough to demand their rights and are informed and educated enough to seek civilized legal means to access their rights and make their demands. But it is not only Mam Salim’s request that is thrown away. KRG and KDP and PUK have been exposing themselves to the whole world as robbers for the last 17 years by resisting any attempt to be transparent about Kurdistan budget and the money they have taken and are taking from the budget and revenues of the region. Even the majority of MPs in their so-called parliament (57 members out of 111) have been asking KRG for over two years to reveal the true amount of the budget and the percentage taken by KDP and PUK. But they have been totally ignored!
The tragedy of this is not that it reveals the true nature of KDP and PUK leaders as people lacking integrity and legitimacy but also it has revealed to the whole world again and again that there are no constitutional frameworks and legal government structures in Kurdistan and this illegitimates the whole experience of the Kurdish self-rule and paints the true image of its leaders as irrelevant lawless warlords. And this will be a very dangerous factor in Kurdish relations with the Iraqi government and the international community. For example, the Iraqi government will be able to justify its future refusal to allocate the 17 per cent, or less, of Kurdistan region’s share through KRG unless it comes clean about its budget and guarantees transparency in its expenditure. As most of the budget illegally [because it is not authorised by any constitutional article or regulated by any legislation] funds KDP and PUK party officials, families, cadres, members and militias and various companies and businesses, the Iraqi government would be justified and would have the support of the international law and international community and even Kurdistan public opinion to stop the budget unless this situation is changed through legislative measures that will ensure accountability and transparency. That is why, with the lack of any sense of responsibility and rationalism by the petrified power mentalities, the existence of Opposition in Kurdistan is extremely vital and urgent now to prevent the catastrophic consequences of irresponsible and unstoppable spiral of KDP/PUK corruption. That is why it is so important that not only Mam Salim but tens of thousands of other Kurdistan region citizens will unify their efforts to take Kurdish authorities to court for plundering their budget and illegally depriving them of their shares and equal opportunities and usurping public land and even their private land and houses. Thousands of citizens’ houses occupied by KDP and PUK officials in the time of internal fighting have not been returned to their legitimate owners. There are also hundreds cases of arbitrary appropriation of lands which are the private property of citizens without the citizens’ having recourse to any law and any mechanisms of justice and compensation.
Victims of internal war still suffering
A report by Ara Ibrahim published in Hawlati on 30 December 2008 presents the anger, frustration, and sense of injustice and helplessness of thousands of citizens whose houses have been usurped in the time of internal fighting by KDP and PUK militias.
The report says: “After the end of the internal fighting, the reunification of parliament and government, and even after the signing of the ‘strategic agreement’ between KDP and PUK, still hundreds of citizens have their house occupied by KDP and PUK and are not returned to them. After 31 August [1996] KDP and PUK displaced thousands of families because of being the other party’s members and supporters. Now hundreds of houses belonging to PUK supporters are appropriated by KDP members and in Sulaymaniyah houses belonging to KDP members are appropriated by PUK members. The owners of these houses say that 13 years after the internal fighting their houses have not been returned to them. They say that if their problem is not solved soon it will have bad consequences as they will regain their houses with the force of arms.”
Hawlati presents some powerful tragic cases such as Himdad Asad’s. Himdad As’ad, 30, years said: “We were at our home until 31 August (1996). When KDP returned to Arbil they expelled us and we ran away at four O’clock in the morning. After we left, they had broken all the doors and taken away all the contents. We had a number of sheep in our house. They were taken and eaten by [Saddam] regime’s soldiers.” Himdad adds: “Now, for 13 years they have been giving us false promises. We do not hear anything new from them.” Himdad adds: “We did not leave voluntarily. We were forced by guns to leave our house. We fought for PUK, I was wounded and taken prisoner. Now I have 13 family members, four of the sons are well over the age of marriage but they cannot get married because they do not have accommodation for wives. We are a family of 13 in just two rooms, but in our big occupied house in Arbil there is only a man and a woman.” The report adds: “When KDP and PUK displaced thousands of families they confiscated their houses and properties and now they refuse to answer these citizens whose houses have been illegally confiscated. Most of these houses are privately-owned houses and are not government {emiri) property. PUK and KDP have occupied them by force and done injustice to people.” [Hawlati, 30 December 2008]. Of course, the unclosed files of internal fighting are not just the illegal and unjust usurpation of houses and property. Hundreds of peshmargas of both sides have disappeared and the two parties refuse to disclose what has happened to them. For 12 years many families have been living in anguish: wives don’t know what has happened to their husbands, children do not know what has happened to their fathers and families and relatives do not know what has happened to their dear ones. Yes, after 12 years of waiting and suffering and the families appealing to and demonstrating in front of the so-called parliament, which is supposed to represent them, still parliament tells them that it cannot take any decision or find any solution for them? Why? Because KDP and PUK’s two ministries of interior and peshmarga have not reunified!! That is what Chawder newspaper on this issue on 18 January 2009 reported about this issue: “At the excuse of non-reunification of the ministries of interior and peshmarga, the Interior Commission at the Interior Ministry has so far taken no position on the disappeared of the internal fighting. The head of the interior commission Ismael Mahmud confirmed this news and said: “We as the interior commission will take no position but will follow up the cases .of those who have disappeared during the internal fighting.” Ismael Mahmud revealed that they have held no meeting to discuss this issue saying: “We cannot meet until the ministries of peshmarga and interior are reunified.” But why don’t these ministries reunite while ‘parliament’ has formally asked Prime Minister to do so or explain the reason? What a criminal game!
Appropriation of land and party ‘companies’
While KDP and PUK officials and party members from Jalal Talabani and Mas’ud Barzani and their families and political bureau members downwards, still illegally [as it is not backed by any legislation or legal regulations] occupy thousands of houses and government buildings they have appropriated from 1991 onwards, [the summer resort of Sari Rash (Salahaddin) in Arbil is illegally occupied by Mas’ud Barzani since 1992 and most government buildings and property of the summer resort of Dukan in Sulaymaniyah are illegally occupied by Talabani and PUK members] they continue to use their unaccountable government powers to occupy and appropriate even more land and property. A recent report published in the independent newspaper Awene revealed the incredible scale of land ownership given to the Nokan companies group in Sulaymaniyah. The lands ‘owned’ by Nokan represent the best lands and locations in Sulaymaniyah. They include a plot of residential land of 760 acres in the prestigious district of Tooy-Malik inside Sulaymaniyah city. According to the documents published by Awene, Nokan Company has also been given ownership of 16 plots of commercial land within the boundaries of Sulaymaniyah which together have the area of 115 acres and 12971 square metres. Awene writes: “According to documents and information obtained by Awene some of these lands have been in partnership with other traders turned into commercial projects. Some of them have been sold to other companies. The Nokan Companies group is owned by the General Administration of PUK and comprises a number of companies the most prominent among them are Nokan, Qubad, Tuzhele, Dergezen, and Razga within Sulaymaniyah governorate and they have received these lands within the boundaries of Sulaymaniyah municipality with the aim of establishing investment projects. According to the documents obtained by Awene Qubad company has received 9 plots of commercial land in Sulaymaniyah, Nokan has received 3 plots of land, Tuzhala company has received 1 acre of land and Razga has received two plots of land. Awene adds: “These lands were given to Nokan Company when there were two separate administrations. According to law, these lands should have been used for strategic projects or for public services such as schools and health. But for some years now no strategic project has been implemented in them. Besides, Nokan has sold some of these lands and has set up commercial projects in some others in partnership with other companies. Land in Kurdistan is given for investment in areas of commerce, tourism and housing. Any company wishing to invest in any of these areas has to submit an application first and define the aims of the project. According to the new law of investment approved by Kurdistan parliament after the reunification of the two administrations commercial land and tourism land can never be registered as individual ownership while residential land can be registered when 30 per cent of the project is completed but it will be suspended until 95 per cent of the project is completed. According to the same law if a company fails to start the project for which it has been given the land within two months, or if in the process of the work it stops working on the project for three months, the government will take the lands back. According to the rules of this law, all the lands appropriated by Nokan are illegitimate because in addition of failing to carry out any strategic projects in them, they have been sold [for profit].
In the same issue of Hawlati that Mam Salim’s futile attempt to get his share of the billions of dollars given to KRG is published, Hawlati has also published documents issued by the Council Of Ministers [former Sulaymaniyah administration] which show that in 2005 two young sons of PUK deputy general-secretary Kosrat Rasul were given the ownership of two plots of land in Dabashan in Sulaymaniyah one of them is 2067 square metres and the other is 1892 square metres without giving any justification or reasons for this generosity.
Party superstructure: equation of political/economical corruption
The disclosure of this gross corruption came in the same week that the weekly newspaper Rudaw published an interview with Kosart Rasul’s son in which he revealed that he has been asked many times by PUK General Secretary to become a member of PUK Leadership. As Kosrat Rasul is one of the three strong wings of PUK, the newspaper has explained this attempt by Talabani as part of the strategy of creating another dynastic party hierarchy in order to pave the way for his own son Qubad to join the party leadership too and eventually replace him. Whether this claim is true or not, this is in fact the pattern of power in Kurdistan region: economic corruption reinforced by political corruption. Illegitimate economic gain and illegitimate political power create one strong equation of corruption that is reproduced and replicated at every level of the two dominant political party organisations. The fragmentation of Kurdish society into family, extended family and clan units embracing and defending this equation has created a formidable structure of unaccountable system of control over peoples’ resources, lives and opportunities. What is called government is only a façade hiding, serving and reinforcing this system of party control which is in effect a serfdom system as no one can get any job, business and opportunity unless he is affiliated to one of these two parties. This goes far beyond the control system used to be applied by the previous Ba’th regime. In other words political allegiance is bought and sustained by the continuation of the super-structure of the politico-economic corruption. That is why the leadership of the two parties, being myopic and having no sense and belief in any democratic change, are so nervous and sensitive about any threat of losing their political control as this will eventually, with the introduction of any legal system of accountability, lead to not only losing their illegitimate economic and financial gains but perhaps being made accountable for them.
The lethal impact of party superstructure
This corrupt party super-structure has had a lethal effect on Kurdish nation and its future:
1. It is illegitimate and absolutely hostile to the rule of law, independent judiciary and any sort of democratic or bureaucratic accountability and transparency. It undermines the very concept and validity of legitimacy and law. For example, the so-called law of investment which was used to justify the swallowing up of Sulaymaniyah lands by so-called Nokan companies was made in an illegal way by PUK Sulaymaniyah administration to allow PUK officials control lands and companies. There was no representative parliament, no constitution to inform and guide law-making, no parliamentary commissions and accountability mechanism, no 'companies law' to define their nature, legitimacy, structure, work and public accountability and government monitoring and supervision of their work, sources of finances and income and expenditure. Even when later the investment law was approved by the unified weak, party-controlled puppet 'parliament' it has been as we see ignored like many other 'laws' passed by parliament. Kurdistan needed and needs international law experts and specialists to establish its entire legal structure in a modern way instead of ineffective, mostly ignorant, slow-pace piecemeal inspired by the needs and interests of corrupt political parties instead of modern nation-building process.
2. It is by definition ad function anti-democratic, monopolizing and totalitarian. Instead of allowing society to transform into conscious and conscientious individual who make their own free decisions and choices in a modern civil society ruled by law and principles of democracy, freedom and equal opportunities, this super doubly-corrupt party structure ties individuals to families, families to clans and clans to so-called political parties and political parties to their absolute authoritarian leaders who make an take all decisions in darkness behind closed doors ignoring 'their own' parliament and government.
3. It is anti-nationalist too because it is kills any sort of collective consciousness, social solidarity and ultimately nationalism. It aims at fragmenting and dividing the country into exclusive party-controlled zones as, for example, KDP’s total control over Duhok governorate and its sustained efforts to make Arbil governorate an exclusive KDP-zone too by using millions of illegally obtained funds to achieve this aim and whenever seriously challenged by these of force too as happened in the previous council elections when KDP mobs attacked and burned the offices of Kurdistan Islamic Union in Duhok and killed some people of them. There are reports in Kurdish newspapers that KDP is again targeting and containing Islamic Union in Duhok in preparation for the next parliamentary and council elections. Also Sulaymaniyah is considered a PUK-zone and even dissident groups within the party itself like former deputy leader's supporters are harassed, sacked and persecuted to prevent them from having a voice. The prevalence of party and family loyalties has killed all the senses of nationalism and the idea of Kurdish nation and common Kurdish destiny. The shameful failure of the two parties in unifying their ministries of finance, interior and peshmarga, despite their empty claims of the challenges that face the Kurds, is an expression of this super-structure of tribal party politics. In fact,
4. It is immoral and unjust and undermines all national and social values and moralities that bind people together creating unnecessary competitions, jealousies and mutually hostile groups at every level of government and social institutions.
5. It has undermined any possibility and opportunity of good governance and effective and efficient management of government institutions. Qualifications, skills, competence, knowledge, science, expertise, experience, individual enthusiasm and motivation, commitment and desire to serve people, etc are all ignored and ridiculed as the only thing you need to be employed, to get a big salary and important post, to be a part of the corrupt superstructure machinery, is to lie, to be devoid of morality and nationalist tendency and social conscience and be a loyal servant and instrument for the higher ranks of party apparatchiks. Thus, thousands of qualified Kurds abroad have been ignored. Not only is there no plan to encourage and motivate thousands of qualified and skilled professionals abroad to return to Kurdistan to help build the country and its infrastructure and civil institutions, the party system ensures that only those people can have a place who become part of the corrupt party machinery working for the destruction of the country rather than building it. Knowledge, science, technology, expertise and skills have no entries in the dictionary of party politics. That is why we see after 17 years of rule and tens of billions of dollars the primitive Kurdish regional government has failed to provide the most basic needs of population such as water, electricity, schools, health system, good roads, rebuilding of villages and revival of rural agriculture and create the most basic legal, financial and economic infrastructure for the region.
6. The destruction not only of civil society bust also of traditional self-help and independent town and rural communities. Any group activity and initiative must be permitted and thus controlled by the dominant totalitarian political parties. Thus instead of thousands of community groups and voluntary organizations emerging and being encouraged, established and supported through community development and equal opportunity laws and government financial aid to keep their independence and work to deal with and heal the wounds, traumas and physical and psychological destruction of decades of anfal, genocide and internal war, the population of Kurdistan region are entrapped like helpless birds in the rusty medieval cages of primitive parties who watch, control and kill any individual and group initiative that comes outside the party system even if it is purely social, creative and community-based and does not threaten the hegemony of the party officials. Even after the publication of Talabani's so-called 'reform project' one of the main 'instructions' of which is to prevent parties' interference in the universities, a small independent student organisation in the University of Sulaymaniyah was banned from displaying posters in the University of Sulaymaniyah. One of the main demands f the reformist groups has been ending the political party’s control of community organisations and in case of PUK the disbanding of its Bathist-style 'democratic organizations bureau' which controls, funds, bans, punishes any groups and organisations that are not under the total control of this bureau without the bureau itself being legally established or accountable for its finances and actions to anyone. Thus we see, not surprisingly at all! That even after the publication of Talabani's clear and 'strong' instruction that the parties should not interfere in the universities, the following news is randomly published in the newspaper of the head of 'democratic popular organizations' bureau” : [Chawder, 19 January 2009]
Students Society: Solidarity organisation has committed violations inside the technical college in Sulaymaniyah:
“Sulaymaniyah- from Harez Jamal: “Peshraw Mahmud the head of the students' committee and general representative of the Technical College said to Chawder: “The Solidarity Organisation is not a member of the Federation of Students and has not been given permission by the government and parliament and it is not allowed at all to display posters and have activities without the knowledge of the college deans. But the organization has done such an action as a violation inside the Technical College. In the last few days the Solidarity Organisation put on posters at the Technical College to inform the students about the formation of a football team inside the college. But Kurdistan Students’ Society removed all the posters. The Solidarity organisation had been warned before that they could not display posters without the permission of the dean of the college. On his part, the dean of the college has set up a committee to follow up and investigate the incident”
Emergence of primitive fascism
This is published in the newspaper owned by the PUK political bureau co-ordinator who is also the eternal head of the PUK’s so-called “Democratic Organisations’ Bureau” which as this news clearly demonstrates has carried the Bathisation of Kurdish society to a level that can be described as ‘primitive fascism’. I mean by primitive fascism arbitrary control of society and citizens freedoms, opportunities and activities by party officials and militias in a crude, cruel and uncivilised way without being backed by any legal and justice mechanisms. The tragic aspect of this is that the party officials’ decisions, whoever they may be, are the final decision. People do not have recourse to any law, lawyers, complaints and appeal system. Even if these nominally exist they are also part of the party system just like police, peshmarga, deans and teachers and the whole economic and socio-political system. The role of the dean of the Technical College above is not to promote science and technology and defend students' rights and freedom but to work as a party agent. On the other hand, more than 15,000 women have been killed or burnt in the last 15 years of the rule of these two primitive parties, and still an average of two women are killed every day, but the so-called Kurdistan parliament has not bothered, in 16 years, to draft an Equal Opportunities Law to ensure equal access to employment, opportunities and services or to pass a law against sexual harassment of women at workplace, which is practised daily by party and government officials, but students wishing to form a football team and publicize their activity in their college need parliament and government’s permission! Otherwise the primitive party gendarmes would harass and punish them. In fact, this repressive measure against students trying to publicize their football team and the dean of a college playing the Big Brother role is not an isolated, marginal and insignificant incident. It is part of a systematic pattern of repression by part security agencies that has been constantly increasing in the last two years especially after the signing of the so-called strategic agreement between PUK and KDP. PUK-controlled areas used to have more freedoms and diversity of views and organisations. But it seems that Talabani is working hard to both honour his commitment to the spirit of his strategic agreement with KDP and to catch up with the repressive Bathist-style one-party system established in KDP-controlled areas. Thus the instances of arbitrary and illegal repression against citizens in PUK-controlled areas have been increasing to very dangerous levels. In the last two years we have had many examples of emerging ‘primitive fascism’ such as the cutting of girls’ hair in a school in Sayid Sadiq, attacking and detaining tens of young people in Chamchamal unlawfully just because of wearing ‘black clothes’-perhaps to express their sense of suffocation in the totalitarian party-controlled society, attacking and detaining students of Sulaymaniyah University for striking for their rights, preventing journalists from going to Qandi and detaining them for trying to do so, attacking and imprisoning journalists for distributing a statement condemning Iranian and Turkish shelling of Kurdistan region areas, arbitrary arrest and imprisonment of citizens for political reasons, totalitarian party control over universities, institutions and community organizations, etc When I revisit Sulaymaniyah the only aspect that reminds me of Sulaymaniyah , the city of culture and Kurdayati, is the street 'bookshops'. I cannot help but standing before their street 'delicacies' of Kurdish literature, culture and variety of current newspapers and magazines and being filled with delight to see young people come, look, read and buy books and newspapers from them. This is the only place perhaps when young people can freely meet Mahwi, Nali, Mawlawi, Sahebqran, Goran and contemporary writers and read the headlines of some privately-owned independent papers which are critical of the political power. But it seems that this is too much for the inheritors and stalwart defenders and promoters of the Ba'thist culture. Now it is more than a year that this remaining spontaneous non-party controlled aspect of Sulaymaniyah cultural life is regularly attacked by Turkish gendarmes disguising as Kurdish security forces and municipality officials. The justification is that these booksellers 'pollute' the beautiful face of the streets. Perhaps their eyes see differently. Young people see this street phenomenon as the only beautiful spot left amid the ugliness of political power around them. The street booksellers have been promised for the last two years that kiosks would be built for them as it is the norm in any modern civil city. But this has not happened perhaps because the Sulaymaniyah authorities are short of money. In this case why doesn't one of the new billionaires and millionaires that Talabani has so proudly talked about does not come forward and spend a million or two million dollars to build these kiosks to beautify the book-polluted face of the city? If Ali Boskani had not been criminally murdered, to pave the way for people like Faruqi Mala Mistfa, he would have built all the kiosks now at his own expense within a month. But, alas, we live now in a different age: the age of Ba'thization and dishonour. I end this article with the last paragraph of an article I wrote on 1 May 2006 and was published on various Kurdish websites entitled: "The end of corrupt party system is the only solution":
"We hated the Ba’ath party. It was criminal and murderous. But Kurdish Ba’athism is more hateful and more murderous. Arab Ba’athism could only destroy land and body. But Ba’athified Kurdish parties destroy nation and soul. And this Ba’athism comes down from the top: Otherwise who is responsible for trampling upon equal opportunities even for the sons of Anfal victims and making it a compulsory condition, even for employment as a cleaner, to have a party ‘tazkia’, political vetting? Whoever has made this decision, whoever implements it, whoever supports it, are absolutely immoral. And our people can no longer afford to be governed and led by immoral people. They should go before they destroy the soul of our nation!(2)
(1) In two different periods of times, I translated two series of articles by young people published on Kurdish websites and private sector papers. The first serious were entitled: 'Kurds cry out for change' and the second series were entitled 'Kurds cry out against corruption.' The articles were published on various websites such as www.kurdmedia.com, www.kurdishaspect.com, www.iraqupdates.com, www.ekurd.net and some international websites. The following are some examples:
www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2007/2/kurdlocal319.htm - 55k
www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/14816 - 25k
www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/14649 - 45k
https://www.iraqinews.com/kurdistan/kurds-crying-out-for-change-on-the-anniversary-of-uprising-ruined-country-dishonest-… - 35k
www.kurdishaspect.com/doc020308KM.html - 33k
www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=14561 - 19k
www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/14873
http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc020108BK.html
http://www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/27017
http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc020208DA.html
(2) http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2006/5/kurdlocal154.htm
- KurdishMedia.com - By Dr Kamal Mirawdeli
- 12/02/2009 00:00:00